Non-clinical PPE (e.g. high-visibility jackets, helmets etc…) are not included in this document. Please refer to relevant Workplace Instructions and Safety information.

PPE includes:

• Nitrile gloves
• Surgical facemask
• P2/N95 respirator
• Protective eyewear or face shield
• Coveralls or Gowns
  

Nitrile Gloves

Gloves are worn as a barrier to protect the hands from contamination or to prevent the transfer of microorganisms already on the hands. They are single use items to be worn when performing invasive procedures, when in contact with non-intact skin or mucous membranes, and any activity where there is high risk of exposure to blood and body fluids, including cleaning of equipment and vehicles.

Gloves do not need to be routinely worn for all patient contact when the risk of exposure to blood and body fluids is minimal.

Prolonged glove use can lead to lack of hand hygiene and increase risk of contact dermatitis.

Hand hygiene must always be performed prior to donning gloves and immediately after removal (Refer to CPG 12.2. Hand Hygiene).

Surgical Mask

Surgical masks should be worn by the patient on droplet and airborne precautions to contain respiratory secretions of the wearer.

P2/N95 Respirator 

P2/N95 respirator provides protection from diseases transmitted through the droplet and airborne route. P2/N95 respirators must be fit checked before patient contact.

Fitting a flat style respirator

Fitting a cup style respirator

Indications for use of a P2/N95 respirator:

• Sprays of blood and body fluids likely (risk assessed as part of standard precautions)
• Droplet and airborne precautions
• During an AGP
• Patient with aerosol generating behaviours
• When cleaning large amounts of effluvia, blood or body fluid
• When required by a SJWA directive.
  

Indications for removal of P2/N95 respirator:

• P2/N95 respirator should be changed between patients and when they become damaged soiled or wet
• International guidance states that P2/N95 respirator can be continuously worn for up to 8 hours. Once they are removed they must be discarded and a new respirator used, if needed.
• P2/N95 respirator should never be reapplied after they have been removed. 
• P2/N95 respirator should not be left dangling around the neck. 
• The front of the respirator is likely to be contaminated therefore touching this area while wearing it should be avoided.
• Hand hygiene should be performed upon touching or discarding a used respirator.
  

Protective Eyewear

Protective eyewear protects the conjunctiva from exposure to blood, body fluids, and secretions propelled into the air by coughing or sneezing. 

Reusable protective eyewear should be cleaned and disinfected following use. 

Disposable full face shields and are recommended when there is a high risk of splashes and sprays of blood and body fluids (e.g. trauma, haemorrhage) and are to be discarded after use. 

Prescription eyewear is not considered protective as it allows contaminants to travel between the lens and the face. 

Indications for the use of protective eyewear:

• Sprays of blood and body fluids likely (risk assessed as part of standard precautions)
• Droplet and airborne precautions
• During an AGP
  
• Patient with aerosol generating behaviours
• When cleaning large amounts of effluvia, blood or body fluid
• When required by a SJWA directive.

Disposable Coveralls or Gowns

Disposable fluid-resistant coveralls or gowns are used to prevent skin and uniforms being contaminated with blood/ bodily fluids. The need for a gown/coverall will depend on the degree of risk, including the anticipated degree of contact with infectious material and the potential for blood and body substances to penetrate through to clothes or skin.

Indications for the use of coveralls/gowns:

• Sprays of blood and body fluids likely (risk assessed as part of standard precautions)
• Droplet and airborne precautions
• During an AGP
• Patient with aerosol generating behaviours
• When cleaning large amounts of effluvia, blood or body fluid
• When required by a SJWA directive
  

PPE not routinely recommended

The following items are not routinely recommended as part of contact, droplet or airborne precautions, however for specific situations may be introduced as a SJWA directive.

Head coverings 

• Generally do not prevent the wearer from contamination.
• Add in an additional step in PPE doffing process therefore increase the risk of contamination of the wearer.

Boot covers

Use of boots covers is not recommended unless gross contamination is anticipated, as:

• Boot covers can pose safety risk due to the risk of slipping and self-contamination at removal. 
• Boots should be made of material that can be cleaned and disinfected. 
• Boots should be wiped over at the end of each shift with a cleaning and disinfectant agent.
• Boots should be left at the workplace, where practical or left outside the home.

Powered air-purifying respirators (PAPRs) are an alternative to P2/N95 respirators in selected circumstances:

• PAPRs require specific training and must only be used by personnel trained in their use, including safe removal with other PPE.
• Currently only the Special Operations Paramedics and selected staff who have been trained for the Specialised Isolations Ambulances, are able to use PAPRs.
  

Donning and Removal of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

To reduce the risk of transmission of infectious agents, PPE must be used appropriately. Ideally PPE should be applied before patient contact. In the pre-hospital setting it is not always possible to identify times when PPE is required and this will need to be assessed on the individual basis. 

If it is suspected or confirmed the patient has an infection that can be spread by the droplet or airborne route (such as influenza, measles) place a surgical facemask on the patient to help minimise the spread of respiratory droplets. However not all patients will be able to tolerate this. In these cases, encourage the patient to use a tissue to cover their nose and mouth when coughing/sneezing.

Sequence for donning PPE

Perform hand hygiene

Gown/Coveralls

Gown:

• Slide arms through the armholes and through the cuffs.
• Secure the top of the gown at the back of the neck with the ties, tape or Velcro
• Secure the waist ties

Coveralls:

• Select the correct size of coveralls.
• Unfold and unzip the coveralls.
• Place each leg into the suit. Take care not touch footwear.
• Fit coveralls over the body and shoulders, and allow the hood to hang free at the back. 
• Zip up the coveralls

P2/N95 respirator

• Open the P2/N95 respirator by separating the edges
• Slightly bend nose wire and make sure it is at the tops of the mask
• Cup mask under chin and pull the bands over your head
• Adjust the headbands so the lower band is at the base of the head and the top band is at the crown of the head (the bands should sit above and below your ears
• Gently press the nose wire across the bridge of the nose adjust the edges until the respirator sits snugly on the face
• A fit check must be performed prior to undertaking any clinical activity in which a P2/N95 respirator is required. Fit checks ensure that the respirator is sealed over the bridge of the nose and mouth and that there are no gaps in the seal between the respirator and the face:
• Gently inhale. When you breathe in the respirator should draw in slightly toward the face and collapse.
• When exhaling the respirator should fill up with air. It is important at this stage to check there is no air leakage around the edges of the respirator. Continue adjusting the seal of the respirator if needed.

Eye protection/face shield

• If you wear prescription glasses, place the protective eyewear over your glasses.
• If eye protection fogs up, you do not have a good seal of your P2/N95 respirator – readjust.

Gloves

• Select the correct sized gloves. Ensure the gloves are pulled over the sleeve cuffs.

Sequence for removal (doffing) of PPE

Gloves

• Grasp outside of glove with opposite gloved hand and peel off.
• Hold removed glove in gloved hand.
• Slide fingers of ungloved hand under the remaining glove at wrist.
• Peel glove off over the first glove and discard in waste bag.

Perform hand hygiene

Gown/Coveralls

• Gowns - Unfasten ties. Pull away from neck and shoulders, touching the inside of the gown only. Gown front and sleeves are likely to be contaminated. Carefully fold or roll into a bundle and place in waste bag
• Coveralls - Unzip suit and carefully remove. Roll outwards leaving non-contaminated inside exposed – assistance may be required from a colleague. Carefully fold up suit, and place in waste bag. 

Perform hand hygiene

• Remove protective eyewear or face shield by handling the ear pieces or headband – avoid touching the front of the eyewear/face shield as this is likely to be contaminated.
• Reusable eye protection can be cleaned and disinfected. Single use face shields to be disposed in waste bag.

Perform hand hygiene

P2/N95 respirator

• Remove respirator –do not touch the front of the respirator. Handle by the head straps and dispose in waste bag.

Perform Hand hygiene

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